Nucleus of the Vatican Museums was the collection of sculptures made by Julius II (1503-1513) and exposed in the so-called "Courtyard of the Statues", today the Octagonal Courtyard. The popes were among the first sovereigns who opened the culture and public art collections of their palaces. In their neat form of art collections in special buildings accessible to the public, Museums and Pontifical Galleries originate from Clement XIV (1769-1774) and Pius VI (1775-1799) who set up and therefore these two popes took the name Museo Pio-Clementino. Pius VII (1800-1823) considerably expanded the collections of Classical Antiquities, adding the Chiaramonti Museum and the New Wing also enriched the Epigraphic Collection housed in the Lapidary Gallery.
Gregory XVI (1831-1846) founded the Etruscan Museum (1837) with the finds from the excavations carried out in southern Etruria from 1828 onwards, the Egyptian Museum (1839) with the Egyptian monuments from explorations in Egypt, together with those who were already in the Vatican and the Capitoline Museum, the Lateran Profane Museum (1844), with statues, bas-reliefs, mosaics from Roman times that they could not find a place in the Vatican Palace. At the Lateran Profane Museum, Pio IX (1846-1878) said in 1854 the Christian Museum, comprising ancient Christian sculptures, especially sarcophagi, and inscriptions. Under the pontificate of St. Pius X (1903-1914), in 1910, was added to the Hebrew Lapidary a section with 137 inscriptions from ancient Hebrew cemeteries in Rome, much of the cemetery on the way Portuense and donated by the Marquisate Pellegrini-Quarantotti. These last collections (Gregorian Profane Museum, Pio Christian Museum and the Hebrew Lapidary) were transferred, under Pope John XXIII (1958-1963), from the Lateran Palace to a new building specially erected in the Vatican in 1970 have been reopened to the public.
The year 2011 recorded a hundred years of activities of the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music, an institution founded officially as the School of Sacred Music, January 5, 1911 at the express wish of St. Pius X (who soon, July 10, 1914, raised it to papal dignity) and the action determined and convinced of the Jesuit Father Angelo De Santi who was the first headmaster.
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