The State of Vatican City is built with the Lateran Treaty, concluded between the Holy See and Italy on 11 February 1929 and ratified June 7, 1929.
His personality as a sovereign entity under international law, distinct from the Holy See, is universally recognized. The Catholic Church carries out its mission of proclaiming the truth of the Gospel for the salvation of all men, and service to peace and justice for all peoples, whether through the various local Churches, and, around the world , both by its central government, consisting of the Pope and the organizations who assist him in his responsibilities towards the universal Church (designated as Apostolic See or Holy See).
The Supreme Pontiff resides in the State of Vatican City, which houses some of the organizations mentioned. The state has, therefore, the unique feature of the instrument independence of the Holy See and the Catholic Church made ??by any power in this world. In a sense, is a sign of the supernatural character of the Church since Vatican State structures are reduced to the minimum necessary for its operation.
The Vatican City lies just off the right bank of the Tiber, on a small rise, part of the Montes Vatican (Vatican Hill) antiquity, which, in the time before the birth of Christ, some villas were built.
The Roman emperor Caligula (37-41 AD) we built a private circus in which, as well as in adjacent gardens, seems to have taken place the martyrdom of many Christians in Rome at the time of Emperor Nero (54-68 ). To the north of the circus, in a cemetery along a side street, was buried, St. Peter, the place of burial, the Emperor Constantine raised, between 324 and 326, a magnificent basilica, replaced by the current in the sixteenth and seventeenth . The territory, which covers an area of ??0.44 km2 (44 acres), is limited in part by walls and extends, on the Piazza San Pietro, up to a range of travertine that connects to the ground the outer ends of the colonnade, marking the state border to the edge of the square, which ordinarily is accessed freely. It, although part of the territory of Vatican City, is subject, as a rule, the control of police forces of the Italian Republic.
Entrance to the state by five inputs, whose custody is entrusted to the Pontifical Swiss Guard and the Gendarmerie of the State of Vatican City. The entrance is from the Vatican Museums Viale Vaticano, not far from Piazza del Risorgimento. For the very small size of the territory of Vatican City, many agencies and offices of the Holy See are located in buildings of the city of Rome (especially in existing buildings in Piazza Pio XII, Via della Conciliazione, Piazza San Calisto, Piazza Chancery Square of Spain). These properties, as established in the Lateran Treaty, shall enjoy the immunities accorded by international law to the premises of diplomatic agents of foreign governments (Embassies). The areas on which stand the buildings above are commonly referred to as "extraterritorial areas."
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